Overweight or obesity can be described as a very unhealthy accumulation of body fats. The excessive disposition of body fat leads to many health complications and even reduce the life expectancy of affected people. Obesity is measured in terms of body mass index which is obtained by dividing your weight by the square of your height. A body mass index in the range of 25-30 Kg/m2 is considered overweight, but if your BMI is more than 30 Kg/m2, it indicates that you are suffering from obesity.
Clinical trials and scientific studies have confirmed that obesity is linked to various health issues like osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obstructive sleep apnea and certain types of cancer. In 2013, obesity has been classified as a disease.
Obesity is mainly caused by excessive intake of food energy, sedentary lifestyle, genetic or endocrine disorders, medication side effects, psychological issues or any combination of these factors. Top five causes of obesity can be described as follows:
Excess Intake of Food: Our body is supposed to store excess food energy as fat. If you are unable to resist your temptation for favorite delicacies, particularly fad-laden fast foods and sugary beverages, there can be no respite from obesity. Overeating has always been associated with wealth and fertility, but nowadays people are getting addicted to highly processed and unhealthy food. People’s eating behavior may be influenced by several factors like emotional stress, availability of food, desire to enjoy some snacks while watching TV, depression, reliance of packaged food and many more.
Sedentary Lifestyle: Innovation and technological advancement have paved the way to modern civilization, but our innovations and technologies are designed to help us lead a comfortable life. Our body is not designed to lead sun an inactive life, but we are using cars, escalators and even remote control devices to cut down our physical activity. Physical activity or exercises are essential to maintain your health and well-being. If you are addicted to computer games or enjoying your favorite past time activity while sitting in the cozy chair and gulping colas, obesity is bound to occur.
Medical Conditions: Disorders in the endocrine system is the third most common cause of obesity. Certain health conditions like Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome and depression may cause obesity. Thyroid is a hormone which is very essential for normal metabolism. Any deficiency of this hormone slows down the metabolism and people start accumulating fat.
In Cushing syndrome, excess amounts of cortisol is produced which leads to fat deposition. It is well-known that certain weight-gain occurs during the pregnancy. Avoiding breastfeeding or leading inactive lifestyle after delivery can make you obese. Certain medications, particularly steroids, anti-hypertensive, anti-depressants, antipsychotics and anti- seizure drugs are known to cause weight gain.
Psychological Distress: When people suffer from any deep rooted emotional trauma, they try to release their emotional stress by overeating. Many people overeat when they confuse the psychological void with hunger. Several research studies and clinical trials have established that fact that psychological problems lead to eating disorders. Depression is a well-known psychological problem when people indulge in over eating.
Inherited Genes: If your parents are obese, you are more likely to develop obesity. Genetic susceptibility is another very important cause of obesity. Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome are classic examples of genetic susceptibility, but behavioral aspects may be more important than genes. There are 56 different genes that relate to obesity phenotypes.
Unfortunately, obesity has become a global epidemic and despite being a preventable disease, it is one of the leading causes of death in adults.
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歷史
六七千年前的先民就開始釣魚。周文王曾和兒子們在靈沼釣魚取樂。戰國時范蠡也愛釣魚，常把所釣之魚供給越王勾踐食用。 二十世紀八十年代，中國大陸的各級釣魚協會成立，釣魚地點也從自然水域向養殖水域過度，所釣之魚則從粗養向細養過度。人數增多、水體污染及濫捕濫撈導致釣魚難度上升。釣魚協會開始與漁民和農民簽訂文件，使更多釣者能夠在養殖水域釣魚，達到了雙贏的目的。 二十世紀九十年代初，來自台灣的懸釣法走紅大陸，各地開始建造標準釣池。 二十世紀末，發達國家的釣者提倡回顧自然，引發新一輪野釣戰，而中國的釣者則更青睞精養魚池。]
工具
一种钓鱼竿机械部分示意图
最基本的钓具包括：鱼竿、鱼线、鱼钩、沉坨（又名沉子）、浮标（又名鱼漂）、鱼饵。]:1其他辅助钓具包括：失手绳、钓箱、线轮、抄网、鱼篓、渔具盒、钓鱼服、钓鱼鞋等。]:1
钓竿一般由玻璃纖維或碳纖維轻而有力的竿状物质製成，钓竿和鱼饵用丝线联接。一般的鱼饵可以是蚯蚓、米饭、蝦子、菜叶、苍蝇、蛆等，现代有专门制作好（多数由自己配置的半成品）的粉製鱼饵出售。鱼饵挂在鱼鉤上，不同的對象鱼有不同的釣組配置。在周围水面撒一些誘餌通常会有較好的集魚效果。
钓具
鱼竿
主条目：鱼竿
钓鱼的鱼竿按照材质包括：传统竹竿、玻璃纤维竿、碳素竿，按照钓法包括：手竿、矶竿、海竿（又名甩竿），按照所钓鱼类包括：溪流小继竿、日鲫竿（又名河内竿）、鲤竿、矶中小物竿。]:6-8
鱼钩
主条目：鱼钩
鱼钩就是垂钓用的钩，主要分为：有倒钩、无倒钩、毛钩。]:14
鱼线
主条目：鱼线
鱼线就是垂钓时绑接鱼竿和鱼钩的线，历史上曾使用蚕丝（远古日本）、发丝（江户时期日本）、马尾（西欧）、二枚贝（地中海）、蛛网丝（夏威夷）、琼麻（东南亚）、尼龙钓线（美国）。]:25
鱼漂
主条目：鱼漂
鱼漂又名浮标，垂钓时栓在鱼线上的能漂浮的东西，主要用于搜集水底情报，查看鱼汛，观察鱼饵存留状态，以及水底水流起伏变化。]:36
鱼饵
主条目：鱼饵
鱼饵分为诱饵和钓饵，是一种用来吸引鱼群和垂钓时使用的物品，钓饵分为荤饵、素饵、拟饵、拉饵。]:170
沉子
主条目：沉子
沉子又名沉坨、铅锤，是一种调节鱼漂的工具。]:45
卷线器
主条目：卷线器
卷线器主要安装在海竿和矶竿上的一种卷线的工具。]:63
连结具
主条目：连结具
连结具是连结鱼线与钓竿、母线与子线的一种连结物，使用最广泛的是连结环。]:55
识鱼
鱼类的视力不如人类，距离、宽度均无法和人类的视力比较，鱼类对水色、绿色比较敏感，鱼类的嗅觉非常灵敏，鱼类的听觉也非常灵敏，钓鲤鱼时，不能在岸上大声谈笑、走动不停，鱼类的思考能力非常弱，鱼类应对周边环境随着气象、水温、水色、潮流、流速、水量的变化而变化，于是便出现了在同一个池塘、水库、湖泊，往日钓鱼收获大，今日少，上午收获大，下午少，晴天大，雨天少等情况。]:114-117淡水钓鱼，中国大陆经常垂钓的鱼类对象是本地鲫鱼、日本鲫、非洲鲫、鲤鱼、游鱼、罗非鱼、黄刺鱼（黄鸭叫）、黄尾、鳊鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼，台湾经常垂钓的鱼类对象是本地鲫鱼、日本鲫、吴郭鱼（罗非鱼）、溪哥仔和红猫（粗首马口鱲）、斗鱼、罗汉鱼、苦花、三角姑（河鮠）、竹蒿头（密鱼）。]:117
影响鱼类的6大因素主要是：季节变更、气温高低、水的涨落、风的大小、水的清浊、天气阴晴
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